Lemma 1ad
preposition
to, up to, towards; near, at; until, on, by; almost; according to; about w/NUMMorphology
inv.ad · regular
Lewis & Short
ad, , As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.
In space.
Direction toward, to, toward, and first.
Horizontally: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, : Müll.
In a direction upwards ( in the poets, very ): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. (Ann. 50 ed. Vahl.); molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. Müll. (Ann. 520 ed. Vahl.) ( with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. , or Ann. 422); sidera sola micant.
Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in).
The point or goal at which any thing arrives.
Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this ): cum stupro redire ad suos popularīs, Naev. Müll. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.): ad terras decidat aether — Hence.
With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, , when the verb is compounded with ad the is not always repeated, but the constr. with the or employed; Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 (In the per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit; but the poets of the per., and the historians, Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)
Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very ): spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, Stich. : intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. P.
Ad, with the name of a deity in the , is elliptical for ad templum or aedem , 21: Rudd. II. p. 41, 4, and p. 334.
With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, , it is used for the simple (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, ), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem — Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one, : ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem — in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, — In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. — With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple ; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of — Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it — (When an adjective is added, the simple is used , as well as with ad; the simple : doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas). — With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), and 44, 3, 10; (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand). — The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare — (The distinction between ad and in is given by P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; also, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)
The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. (R ): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. Müll. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.) — Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one: (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia) — ; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil.
Nearness or proximity = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very ; not rare later, in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. (Ann. 363 ed. Vahl.); with same force, Att. ; has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ; and ellipt. ( , 2. ). — Even of persons; 7, 5: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, , for which Liv. also uses the : ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph: Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent. solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent, Manut. ad. — sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest — Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left: ad sinistram, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43 al., with lapis; with apud.
In time, analogous to the relations given in A.
Direction toward, approach to a definite point of time, about, toward.
The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to — And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away.
Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by: A; ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak.
The relations of number.
An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward ( with and the près de, à peu près, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102); sometimes with quasi added — In the histt. and authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to usage, by which, and with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn.
The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare) — The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means all to one, all together, all without exception; (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, in — Ad unum without omnes.
In the manifold relations of one object to another.
That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.
With verbs; illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition ( not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris: (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).
With adjectives.
With nouns: ( ) — with of gerund instead of the from the same vb.
In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater; P.
With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, , both and fig., according to, agreeably to, after ( ): facta sunt ad certam formam.: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe: canere ad tibicinem: Müll.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection ( unguis): ( ): so — in later with instar, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, de Mundo, p. 72. — Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used in this sense: convertier ad nos, as we (are turned): Munro. — With noun. — Hence.
With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.
The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he,
The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing.
is done.
is designed, or.
is fitted or adapted (very ), to, for, in order to.
Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. P. (R )
Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum., and the : Weissenb.
Quae oportet Signa esse ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him: (in both examples instead of the of gerund., Rudd. II. p. 245) — with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the — Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. Zumpt, § 666.
Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with.
Adverbial phrases with ad.
Ad omnia, withal, to crown all.
Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, from the time of Livy, and in authors after the per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition: and 3.
Ad id quod, beside that (very rare)
Ad tempus.
At a definite, fixed time.
At a fit, appropriate time.
For some time, for a short time.
According to circumstances.
Ad praesens (for the most part only in writers).
For the moment, for a short time.
At present, now. — So, ad praesentiam.
Ad locum, on the spot.
Ad verbum, word for word, literally.
Ad summam.
On the whole, generally, in general.
In a word, in short.
Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.
At the end, finally, at last.
Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top,
Of time =, at last, finally — Hence.
of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire.
In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3.
Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far?.
Quem ad modum, sub h. v.!*?
Ad ( ab, ex, in, ) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns: (ubi Kühner).
Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive.
The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, , aque) is denied by Moser, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in with later usage, is restored by Hand in, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).
In composition.
Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco. — But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.
Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.
Local.
To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio (to one's self).
At, by: astare, adesse.
On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.
Up ( de- = down, as in deicio, decĭdo): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.
Fig.
To: adjudico, adsentior.
At or on: admiror, adludo.
Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.
Denoting addition, increase ( ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.
Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.
Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.