Lemma 1cŭm
conjunction
when, as, while; since, because, as · with, together/jointly/along/simultaneous with, amid; supporting; attachedMorphology
inv.cum · regular
Lewis & Short
cum, , with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
: prol. 125.
In an expression of displeasure.
In a designation of time with which some action concurs; and: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. P; ; simul: exiit cum nuntio ( at the same time with, ); cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = )
In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, , with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere; cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ; Ritschl.
Attributively, with : Weissenb. ad loc.
Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, (except once in Cic. epistt. not ).
Cum eo quod, with , Spald. — With
With ut — with tamen.
With ne; and with tamen.
Cum dis volentibus, , with God's help, by the will of the gods: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn.
Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, ) for our -fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products; with a
With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. : effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. : cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. : : Müll.
Completing the meaning of verbs.
With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere; also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono,
Of companionship, association, sharing,
Of intercourse, traffic, — : agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai; also pango,
Of deliberation and discussion: ; also cogito, reputo, dubito,
Of strife, difference, : cum Catone dissentire.; also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio,
Of comparison.
Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, , in a and sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ; ; , §; omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. Don. ad; cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, in spite of: Manut.; Bremi; imperium.
With idem never of the identity of two subjects, but of the relation of two subjects to the same object,
In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare). — also as one word: cumprīmis,!*?
Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. : mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, ; and with the rel. , §§ 76 and 77. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative is understood, cum is placed before the rel.
Before et. et, connecting two substt.
In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, , but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.
It designates.
A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, : colligo, compono, condo,
The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, , comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello,
[pronom. stem ka- or kva- with case ending].
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with , except in the instances.
Cum with pres. , often equivalent to si.
With principal predicate in pres.: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui?.
With principal predicate in (rare).
With principal predicate in logical (mostly ).
With logical
With principal predicate in pres. (very ), the translated either by English pres. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we (once) disregard the law; prooem.; 9, 6 — In oblique clauses the may remain, or may be changed into , even after preterites.
With principal predicate in ().
With two logical perff. (rare).
With
With principal predicate in — with principal predicate in
With principal predicate in pres.; prooem.
With
With principal predicate in pres.
With principal predicate in — In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. , ext. 4.
With principal predicate in
With two perff.
In definitions with pres, : maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai; 4, 53, 66
Etiam cum (less cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet. — (3) With — (4) In oblique clauses with
Anteclass. with in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after — Always with if a certain person is addressed; (l. A. 1. a. ).
With referring to indefinite time.
With the 2d pers. , used in an indefinite sense (you = one, any one).
With pres. ; and 8
With
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. ).
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and,
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood.
Of definite time, always with (for exceptions, 4. ), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, ; ).
Cum with pres.
Principal predicate in pres.; Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi. parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while) — with logical for the pres. — But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a when the clause, while designating present time, generally in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists,
With principal predicate in the logical , if ().
Cum with logical
Principal predicate in pres.: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has).
With principal predicate in ()
With
With principal predicate in
With principal predicate in
With principal predicate in
With principal predicate in (potential) — In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into ; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. or remains unchanged.
With
With principal predicate in — In oblique clauses, after preterites, the is changed into pluperf. ; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into ; dub.
With principal predicate in (almost always ). — With pres.
With principal predicate in (potential); dub. — In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the remains unchanged.
With in definite time.
Sometimes in oblique construction 3. c.
Sometimes by attraction.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, 3, a. a supra.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with , except in the instances mentioned 2.; and 5.), when, after.
With pluperf. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. (Lübbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. : Vahl.: Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ; Vahl.; Rib.; Lucil. (the MSS. reading, is corrupt)
With pluperf.
in place of the
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. ): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, = exspectabam cum legebam; Cael. , where the cum clause is relative; E.: Romae haud minus terroris. erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a., 1.)
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. or
With pluperf.
With principal predicate in (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever; Gai.
With principal predicate in
With pluperf. , an in principal sentence.
In anterior clauses with
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. )
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies, 30, 97. 14, 60.
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause.
For the instead of pluperf. C. 1. d. infra.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lübbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness. — (2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a., 2, and 4.; C. 3. b. ); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b., 2. and 3. ); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a., 2. ), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory. — (3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for 1. and many passages under C. 3. a., 3. — (4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time — a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE. — The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (; and: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum ferretur lex, and ).
Both predicates in the (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
The clause expressing a momentary action — So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as; but with when referring to a per. of time. — In the poets and later writers, the often occurs where classic prose has the
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time).
With , by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence.
With when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident — Hence a in co-ordination with pluperf. : cum sol nocte visus esset. et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt).
With a (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate — writers generally use
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. (Trag. Rel. 65 Rib.).
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the or [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the very frequent, and largely prevailing over the , except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with ), Cicero commonly uses the ; the occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action; in Sall. twice (; Dietsch); in times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the unless the mood is changed by other influences.
Cum with the (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, with tum or tunc; Enn. (Ann. 222 Vahl.): (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the ); Gai; cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; cum iretur). — Poets, even in the per., sometimes use the in dependence upon the — (2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly and in Cicero); (22 times); Dietsch (; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence 3. a., 2. in ; Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat). — (3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the , which by the use of the would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive ); cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative ): the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the in independent sentences, ; in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written. — (4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo.
The predicate after cum is in the (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation. — (2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained: equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam — (3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provinciā legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato — (4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition: ( 3. b., 5.).
If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in prose is in the or according to the rules under and; the principal predicate being always in the ; but in writers cum has always the (1) ; Gai — To distinguish from adversative relations, as; Gai. — If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the , the former in — (2) , mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret. tribunus militaris adigebat, , Cinc. de Re Mil.
In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) — in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the after cum — Without assignable reason; (Weissenb. gerebantur) — (3) PostAug. writers almost always use , disregarding the usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (, 2.); Don. ad (3. a., 1. ).
If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the unless changed by construction; the latter.
In the , according to the rules a., except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time — The may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result: (Lübbert conjectures habebam) — (2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a., 4.). — (3) To preserve the peculiar force of the (a., 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, (conative ).
With the (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, , Enn. (Ann. 508 Vahl.): (Lübbert conjectures adsedit) — (2) To connect a logical (causal, ) relation with the temporal meaning (a., 1.). — (3) To explain the main fact by circumstances: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem portā non extulit — (4) To describe the place of the main action (a., 3.) — The (cum fui, ) refers to temporary visits to a place. — (5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a., 4.). — But when a date is given as a point of time, the is used. — (6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action, a, 2. — (7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo) — (8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related.
In all other cases the is regularly used in prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. (9), 3; always () with cum maxime, precisely when, just when. — In a very few instances the occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae. succensuit pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses). — Poets and writers frequently disregard the usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the ; Gell. strangely uses an where writers would use a
In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the , except once or twice , and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in,
The predicate in present.
With (rare).
With (rare).
With
With histor. pres.
With
with and
With pluperf. (very rare).
().
Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied.
In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo,
Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, ); generally with , but sometimes , when sunt qui would take this mood.
With pres. or : nunc est profecto ( tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the writers construe sunt qui with ).
With pres. : nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. P. (Ann. 383 Vahl.)
With preterites,
With preterites,
Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, ), in ordinary sentences.
With pres. or — With potential
With past tenses, — with nouns implying time.
With preterites in — If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses.
Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses — with dates (always except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam), b, 1.
The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with , and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while,
With pres., = pres.
With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in ()
With ordinals.
With diu.
with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical , = pres.
With pluperf., the principal predicate in
With , the principal predicate in or pluperf.
The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with ; the principal predicate pres. or logical , cum with
With cardinals.
Time in (); probably.
With diu or dudum.
Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which.
In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very in and writings; principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with or histor. pres. — (2) Cum with histor.
Principal sentence with (1) Cum with or histor. pres. — (2) Cum with
Principal sentence with , cum with
Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most with pluperf. or in principal sentence, and or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
Principal sentence with , cum with ; (57 times); (26 times); (31 times); (19 times).
Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with or histor. pres.: (32 times); (14 times); (13 times); (13 times); (18 times). — And cum with potential
Principal sentence with , (5 times); (8 times).
Principal sentence with histor. — Principal sentence with histor. pres., (3 times); (5 times). — Cum with , (3 times). — Cum with histor. ; (6 times). — Cum with pluperf., (3 times) — With logical , or logical and pres. (rare).
In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
When, on an occasion, on which,
With
With
Cum with pres. , a past tense in principal sentence (mostly ).
: qui. accensi nullā deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut). — cum quidem, always with
Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen ( tamen).
With , like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as.
With ; (where the clause with cum is adverbial).
Cum interea (interim).
Adverbial (rare).
Temporal with ; with , while; with pluperf. , after, § 25.
Adversative, with , whereas during this time. (1) Pres. — (2) With ; dub. — (3) With
Relative, always with , in writings always referring to a period during which, belonging.
To the attributive clauses ( 2. ). (1) In pres. — (2) In , (2. c.).
To the inverted clauses (4.). — probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ; with indefinite pres. in both terms.
To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With ; with in oblique discourse. — (2) , and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or : cum interim Oedipodis ossa. colis, ext. 3.
In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, ; audivi cum diceres, = audivi te dicentem).
Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
With
With
After verbs of hearing, always with
After memini, with (sc. tempus). — With
After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with (mostly ).
Verbs of thanking.
Of congratulation: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, , L. Caesar
Of rejoicing and grieving.
Dependent on optative sentences.
Elliptical usages (without predicate).
Cum maxime.
With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did). — Hence.
By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then — With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, a, 2; 8, 33, 4
Similarly with other superlatives ().
For co-ordinate clauses with cum. tum, tum.
Causal, since, because, as.
Anteclass., chiefly with
With pres.
With
With
By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret,
Independent of such construction: bracketed by Goetz; Lorenz Brix: quin ego. lacrumo.
and , always with
With pres.
With ; the is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense.
With
Denoting both cause and coincidence of time.
Denoting cause without time.
With pluperf.
With adverbs of emphasis.
Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because; (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with , ).
Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously. — Sometimes with if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes. laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum. — In later writers with , because when.
Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with ; prooem.
Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
, chiefly.
With
By construction of principal predicate: (4, 1, 50).
Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. (Lübbert conjectures quom tu's tam pausillus).
and , always with
With pres.
With : an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque. concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ; pres. and retained, if dependent on preterites.
With
With pluperf.
Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
, mostly with
With : nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. (Trag. Rel. 389 Rib.).
and , always with
Pres.
With pluperf.
In hypothetical clauses, always with or pluperf. , = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
With , §§ 28 and 29.
With pluperf.