est — Latin Dictionary & Morphology

estnormalized · est3 analyses · 3 lemmas

Morphology1 analysis

present indicative active 3rd singularest · regular

Lewis & Short

sum, fŭi, esse, [root es; as-mi, and the Greek whence fui; root in bhū, to become; bhāvas, condition; to beget; : fetus, futuo, ]

(2d pers. ĕs, but usu. ēs in Plaut and Ter; old forms, pres. esum for sum, Müll.: essis for es, Att. , or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, ; escit for erit, XII. Tab. ; fūvimus for fuimus, Enn. ; pres. siem, sies, siet, , very , in Plaut.; also: fuas, Liv. Andron. Non 111, 13: fuat, Pac. ; : fuvisset, Enn. ; pres. ens, used by Cæsar, P.; and by Sergius Flavius, ; fŏre for futurum esse, very , and so always with partt.; whence, forem fores, , for essem; in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 ), [ ], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

As a verb substantive, to be.

Asserting existence, to be, exist, live: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. (Ann. 23 Vahl.); per quinquennia decem fuimus.

Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place.

Of location, to be present, to be at a place.

With , or other expressions of place: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. , A.

Of passages in a book or writing, with in and , to be, stand, be written,

Of personal relations, with ad or apud and , or cum and of person; with simul. — Hence, : esse cum aliquo (aliquā), to be with, live with, associate with, as husband or wife: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, , Varr.

Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, , to be, live, be found, , with in and : sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr 2, 4, 6, §. — with without in, when qualified by an : B. and K. ex ; in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one: Weissenb. ad loc.: ( II. B. 1. ).

To depend upon, rest with, with in and

Esse (est, sunt, ) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. , as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the or ; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those (people or things) who (that), or simply some.

With

Without subject expressed; sunt quibus unum opus est,

With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause: Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam); haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt.

With. : sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem.

With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject.

: est, quibus ( the ): (4, 8), 17.

With , to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have (possess, = the ētre à used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, ; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 ): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret — With ellips. of ().

Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person.

Esse with certain prepp. and their cases ( also I. A. 2. 3. 4. ).

Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, , of: ( ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.).

Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for.

Esse ex aliquā re, to consist of, be made up of; 64, 215 ( also 6. ).

Euphem., in tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead (), (17), 192.

Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; : est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, : est vero, inquit, Africane, Fragm. — Hence.

The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may,

Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, : (8), 32. — esse after a neg., with quin. — Also, est ut, there is reason, that, : ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating.

Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes.

Est cum, sometimes.

Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion. — with cur.

Est, sit, , with infin. in constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, (mostly and ): Weissenb. ad loc. — With

In eo ease ut, , to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, , to be about to, on the point of, ( or with res, , as ). — With person. (late ).

Like the to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, (hence also with in and )

Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but ).

As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.

With an , , or : domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt.

Less with ( in language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides: B. and K.: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. — : facile alicubi (in aliquā re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be: (on esse with an adverb, Haase Reisig; also bene under bonus ).

With , to be of, belong to a class, party, : ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus.

With or denoting quality.

With — of extent, number,

With : ( I. A. 4. ).

With or of price or value.

With

With : sextante sal et Romae et per totam Iialiam erat, was worth, stood at.

With of possession, , it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of,

— Rarely with pronom. posses.

, with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, : Weissenb. ad loc.

With of the end, object, purpose, — in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay: ( solvo).

With predicative , denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be,

Without second of pers.: cupis me esse nequam.

With second of pers.: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. , A : haec tam parva civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, §. — Rarely with gerund: (for a full account of this dative, Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 ).

Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for.

Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing: a parte negotiali, hoc est.

, with Greek pleonastically: (: Hom. Il. 10, 269).

sum

= eum, Enn. Fest., is.

sum-, in composition

for sub before m; sub

Morphology1 analysis

inv.e · regular

Lewis & Short

E, indecl.,

fem., a vowel corresponding to both the and the of the Greeks, P.; and 4. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like e in men (so in pater, inter, ), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, ); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, ), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. ( raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, ), and often approaching the sound of ī ( Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 ). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.

The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, , and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, ; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).

For i stands ĕ.

in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, ).

In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, (for aedis, apis, canis, h. vv.).

In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, ( Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 ; and ).

In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis. — In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, , as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, (, and 17; ). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, — It is prob. too that the ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id)

It less happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, ; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.

The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the and in forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico ); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, ; it is inserted for euphony in the of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer,

The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi ( Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 ), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, ; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, : viden, potin: quin, for quine, , and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, , for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, ). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, , are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.

The long e interchanges most with the diphthongs ae and oe (); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus Quint. Inst. l. l.; and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; the letter I.

As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, ; E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit,

, out of, from, ex.

Morphology1 analysis

present indicative active 3rd singularest · regular

Lewis & Short

ĕdo, ēdi, ēsum, 3, [ ad-mi, eat; ; edax, esca, esurio, ; also - Aeol. , dens]

— The forms es, est, estis, , are very in prose and poetry. — Hence, also in the ; and: Müll. — Archaic forms of the ; , to eat (for : comedo, vescor, pascor, devoro, haurio, mando, ceno, epulor).

: ille ipse astat, quando edit, Naev.

Prov.

Multos modios salis simul edisse, to have eaten bushels of salt with another, to be old friends.

De patella, to show contempt for religion ( patella)

Pugnos, to taste one's fists, to get a good drubbing.

Bona, to squander, dissipate.

Of inanimate subjects, qs. to eat up, to consume, destroy ()

, to corrode, consume, devour (almost exclusively )

ē-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, 3,

to give out, put forth, bring forth ( and ).

; animam, to breathe out, to die, expire.

, to bring forth any thing new, to produce, beget, form,

Of what is born, begotten (mostly and in prose); (draconem) Qui luci ediderat genitor Saturnius, idem Abdidit — In the — More in the : in lucem editus, Poëta (a transl. of the Euripid. )

Of literary productions, to put forth, to publish ()

, to set forth, publish, relate, tell, utter, announce, declare = exponere — With and — With dupl. — — Hence.

Jurid. and polit. t. t., to give out, promulgate, proclaim, ordain: (tit. De edendo), 1 ; tribus, said of the plaintiff in a causa sodaliciorum, to name the tribus since he had the right, in order to choose the judges, to propose to the defendant four tribus, from which the latter could reject only one, and then to choose the judges according to his own pleasure out of the remaining three, ; mandata edita.

beyond the jurid. sphere.

Of other objects, to produce, perform, bring about, cause ( and );

To raise up, lift, elevate. — Hence.

ēdĭtus, a, um, P. a. (set forth, heightened; hence, like excelsus).

, of places, elevated, high, lofty ( — very and ); (with acclivis) —

— does not occur.

ēdĭtum, i,

A height. — : in editis.

, a command, order.

ĕdo, ōnis, [1. edo]

a glutton, Varr.

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