Lemma 1sum, esse, fui, futurus
verb
to be; to exist; (also used to form verb perfect passive tenses) with NOM PERF PPLMorphology
perfect indicative active 3rd singularfu + it · regular
Lewis & Short
sum, fŭi, esse, [root es; as-mi, and the Greek whence fui; root in bhū, to become; bhāvas, condition; to beget; : fetus, futuo, ](2d pers. ĕs, but usu. ēs in Plaut and Ter; old forms, pres. esum for sum, Müll.: essis for es, Att. , or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, ; escit for erit, XII. Tab. ; fūvimus for fuimus, Enn. ; pres. siem, sies, siet, , very , in Plaut.; also: fuas, Liv. Andron. Non 111, 13: fuat, Pac. ; : fuvisset, Enn. ; pres. ens, used by Cæsar, P.; and by Sergius Flavius, ; fŏre for futurum esse, very , and so always with partt.; whence, forem fores, , for essem; in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 ), [ ], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.
As a verb substantive, to be.
Asserting existence, to be, exist, live: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. (Ann. 23 Vahl.); per quinquennia decem fuimus.
Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place.
Of location, to be present, to be at a place.
With , or other expressions of place: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. , A.
Of passages in a book or writing, with in and , to be, stand, be written,
Of personal relations, with ad or apud and , or cum and of person; with simul. — Hence, : esse cum aliquo (aliquā), to be with, live with, associate with, as husband or wife: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, , Varr.
Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, , to be, live, be found, , with in and : sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr 2, 4, 6, §. — with without in, when qualified by an : B. and K. ex ; in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one: Weissenb. ad loc.: ( II. B. 1. ).
To depend upon, rest with, with in and
Esse (est, sunt, ) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. , as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the or ; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those (people or things) who (that), or simply some.
With
Without subject expressed; sunt quibus unum opus est,
With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause: Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam); haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt.
With. : sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem.
With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject.
: est, quibus ( the ): (4, 8), 17.
With , to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have (possess, = the ētre à used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, ; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 ): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret — With ellips. of ().
Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person.
Esse with certain prepp. and their cases ( also I. A. 2. 3. 4. ).
Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, , of: ( ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.).
Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for.
Esse ex aliquā re, to consist of, be made up of; 64, 215 ( also 6. ).
Euphem., in tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead (), (17), 192.
Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; : est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, : est vero, inquit, Africane, Fragm. — Hence.
The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may,
Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, : (8), 32. — esse after a neg., with quin. — Also, est ut, there is reason, that, : ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating.
Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes.
Est cum, sometimes.
Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion. — with cur.
Est, sit, , with infin. in constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, (mostly and ): Weissenb. ad loc. — With
In eo ease ut, , to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, , to be about to, on the point of, ( or with res, , as ). — With person. (late ).
Like the to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, (hence also with in and )
Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but ).
As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.
With an , , or : domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt.
Less with ( in language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides: B. and K.: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. — : facile alicubi (in aliquā re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be: (on esse with an adverb, Haase Reisig; also bene under bonus ).
With , to be of, belong to a class, party, : ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus.
With or denoting quality.
With — of extent, number,
With : ( I. A. 4. ).
With or of price or value.
With
With : sextante sal et Romae et per totam Iialiam erat, was worth, stood at.
With of possession, , it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of,
— Rarely with pronom. posses.
, with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, : Weissenb. ad loc.
With of the end, object, purpose, — in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay: ( solvo).
With predicative , denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be,
Without second of pers.: cupis me esse nequam.
With second of pers.: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. , A : haec tam parva civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, §. — Rarely with gerund: (for a full account of this dative, Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 ).
Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for.
Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing: a parte negotiali, hoc est.
, with Greek pleonastically: (: Hom. Il. 10, 269).
= eum, Enn. Fest., is.
for sub before m; sub